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There was an increase in the plasma viral load, a decreasing trend in the CD4+ T cells, and a greater number of animal deaths in the SFV+/SIV+ group. The results, Selleck JNK inhibitor although based upon a small number of animals, indicated that pre-existing SFV infection can influence SIV infection and disease outcome in the rhesus macaque model. The study highlighted consideration of the SFV status in evaluating results from SIV pathogenesis and vaccine challenge studies in monkeys and indicates the potential use of the SFV/SIV monkey model to study the dynamics of SFV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) dual infections, recently reported in humans. While the introductory talk was mainly devoted to simian FVs, the oral presentation by Magdalena Materniak (National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland) focused on non-primate FVs. The results confirmed the presence of equine FV (EFV) infections in horses from Poland using virus-specific tools. So far EFV, once reported to be isolated from blood of naturally infected horses, the least known FV, is shown to be the most similar to bovine FV (BFV) [7]. M. Materniak presented development and application of specific diagnostic tools to investigate EFV prevalence among racing and saddle horses, Hucul ponies and Polish Konik horses in Poland. Serological testing based on an ELISA allobarbital test using recombinant EFV Gag protein revealed that 35% of the serum samples showed reactivity to EFV, while qPCR allowed amplification of EFV pol gene sequences in 14.6% of DNA samples. Moreover, when the same sera were tested for antibodies to equine arteritis virus (EAV), equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1), and equine influenza virus A1 and A2 (EIV A1, EIV A2), a statistically significant correlation (p find more showed that BFV is present in a high percentage of dairy cattle in different parts of the world [8]. Previous studies reported the presence of BFV DNA in different tissues of naturally and experimentally infected cows without uncovering the primary site of virus replication. Piotr Kubi? (National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland) presented the first study that aimed to identify BFV replication sites via BFV RNA detection and quantification in blood and different organs of three experimentally inoculated calves.