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�aureus, resistant Escherichia coli, and resistant Salmonella species). In the human clinical setting, prudent use of antimicrobial agents is also needed to decrease the number of nosocomial enterococcal infections, as antimicrobial agents constitute a risk factor for infections with enterococci. Antimicrobial resistance can easily be transferred MAPK Inhibitor Library between borders, because people travel, and meat and livestock are exported. Antibiotic resistance is therefore not only a national problem, but also a global problem. A global policy on the prudent use of antimicrobial agents for both human and animal infections is therefore required to avoid the spread of resistance; the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion should be stopped in all countries around the world. This work was supported by the Danish Ministry of Health and Prevention as part of the Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP). ""HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at high risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation. Allogeneic HSCT recipients from years 2000 to 2010 were evaluated in order to study the impact of being HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive in this population. Overall, 137 of 764 patients (18%) were HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive before HSCT. Overall survival, non-relapse mortality (NRM), acute and chronic graft-vs.-host disease were similar in HBcAb-positive and HBcAb-negative patients. Reactivation occurred in 14 patients (10%) within a median of 19?months after HSCT (range 9�C77). Cause-specific hazard for reactivation Metformin in vitro was decreased in the case of an HBV-immune/exposed donor (HRadjusted?=?0.12; 95% CI, 0.02�C0.96; p?0.045) and increased in patients Alkannin who received rituximab treatment (HRadjusted?=?2.91; 95%CI, 0.77�C10.97; p?0.11). Competing risk analyses documented a protective role of an HBV-immune/exposed donor (p?0.041) and an increased probability associated with the length of treatment with cyclosporine (p?