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Eight main viral HBV genotypes (from A to H), showing a mean 8% nucleotide difference, and several subgenotypes, having a mean genetic distance of about 4%, have been described until now [Schaefer, 2007a, 2007b]. Both HBV genotypes and subgenotypes show a distinct ethno/geographic distribution. In particular, genotypes A and D are ubiquitous and represent the two most prevalent genotypes in Europe: the first in the North-Western part of the continent, and the second in South-East Europe and the Mediterranean countries [Schaefer, 2007a]. Seven main HBV-D subgenotypes have been described until now (D1�CD7). In a recent study aimed to the reconstruction of the origin and dispersion of genotype D in Europe and in the Eastern Mediterranean area, showing that HBV-D was most probably originated in the Indian Subcontinent, where it differentiated in several subgenotypes. Then the virus migrated to find more Western countries through Dabigatran at least two routes, one Southern path, in which the virus further differentiated into subgenotype D1, crossing the Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Eastern Mediterranean, and one Northern path, followed by subgenotype D2, which from the Central Asia, crossed the territories of the former Soviet Union, reaching the Mediterranean through Albania. Turkey, historically one of the most important gate between Orient and Occident, seems to have played an important role in the penetration of HBV-D1 in the Mediterranean area [Zehender et al., 2012]. The importance of Turkey in the European epidemiology of HBV is also suggested by the observation that the highest spread of HBV infection in the Continent are reported in Turkey with Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania and some southern regions of Italy [Rantala and van de Laar, 2008]. For this reason, it was decided to study in greater detail the molecular selleck chemicals llc epidemiology and tried the reconstruction of the epidemiological history of HBV-D in Turkey, by characterizing 34 new Turkish isolates and performing a phylogeographic reconstruction. A consecutive series of 34 serum samples were obtained from 36 patients infected chronically with HBV who were admitted to the different health districts of Ankara hospital in Turkey during the 2009 year. The sera samples were collected anonymously in accordance with the standards of the Institute's Ethics Committee. After collection, the sera were stored at ?80��C until further processing. Viral DNA was extracted from 200??l serum using the EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v.2.0 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. HBV-DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen, Life Technologies Corporation, Monza, Italy).