The most critical ankyrin-Match

, 2010). Limited ankle dorsiflexion because of a tight soleus, gastrocnemius, capsular tissue, or abnormal osseous formation of the ankle can cause limited squatting and lunging movement with knee flexion or extension (Smith and Reischl, 1988; Bennell et al., 1998; Piva et al., 2005; Mauntel et al., 2013). Mauntel et al. (2013) reported that people with restricted ankle Selleckchem GSK 3 inhibitor dorsiflexion showed increased medial knee displacement when compared to the subjects without restricted ankle dorsiflexion during single leg squatting. In addition, medial knee displacement (valgus) during the squatting task in people with a less ankle dorsiflexion ROM was diminished when the dorsiflexion ROM was increased by placing a wedge under the calcaneus (Bell et al., 2008). In our study, we demonstrated that the ankle dorsiflexion ROM was a major factor in deep squatting ability that affected squat depth. This suggests Selleck Quisinostat that squat depth can vary with ankle dorsiflexion mobility, which may be useful information when developing a treatment plan and preventing faulty movement patterns occurring due to restricted ankle joint mobility during squatting. One of the primary roles of the hip joint is to provide a pathway for the transmission of forces between the lower extremities and pelvis during activities such as squats. During a squat, the mean hip ROM has been reported to be 95.4 ��26.6�� of flexion to reach a maximal squat (Hemmerich et al., 2006). If hip flexion mobility is decreased, people may use a trunk flexion strategy to achieve desired squat depth, compensating for the decreased hip mobility. This strategy is not recommended because of the increased stress placed on the lumbar spine (Kritz et al., 2009; Schoenfeld, 2010). The results of the present study demonstrated that hip mobility was negatively correlated with squat depth in males, and decreased hip ankyrin flexion mobility can be an important secondary factor to expect when the distance from the hip to floor is large. Thus, subjects who have a high squat depth need to improve hip flexion mobility for safe squatting (Woerman, 1989; Sahrmann, 2002). During hip flexion, if hip posterior structures, such as the posterior capsule and lateral rotator are stiff and/or short, the femoral head does not glide posteriorly, resulting in limited hip flexion (Sahrmann, 2002). In our study, we observed that squat depth was significantly and negatively correlated with the passive ROM of the hip internal rotation (r = ?0.239; p