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After autopsy, testes and epididymides were weighed and processed to obtain histological samples. Testes were analyzed with a microscope to measure seminiferous tubule area and diameter for each sampled month. Epididymides were used to determine spermatozoon storage in the cauda region. Results illustrate http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SP600125.html morphological changes in the testis and epididymis along the year. A high output of sperm cells was detected from middle winter to middle summer and a complete shutdown of spermatogenesis at the end of summer. The initiation of testicular activity coincided with month with the shortest day length, in dry season and very low temperature. On the other hand, gonadal regression started in the middle of summer with long day length, in the wet season, and high temperatures. Rainfall, temperature, and day length seem to be important for the testis cycle. We suggest that photoperiod could be a good predictor for an oncoming period suitable for breeding, and males may probably use it as a signal check details to regulate gonadal activity. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:474�C483, 2010. ? 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ""What is the central question of this study? Activation of the carotid body chemoreceptors with hypoxia alters baroreceptor-mediated responses in humans. We aimed to examine whether this relationship can be translated to other chemoreceptor stimuli (i.e. hypoglycaemia). What is the main finding and its importance? We show that hypoglycaemia-mediated changes in heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity cannot be attributed exclusively to the carotid chemoreceptors; however, the chemoreceptors play a role in resetting the baroreflex working range during hypoglycaemia. These results provide a potential mechanism for impaired glycaemic control and increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with carotid chemoreceptor overactivity (i.e. sleep apnoea). Activation of the carotid body chemoreceptors with hypoxia alters baroreceptor-mediated responses. We aimed to examine whether this relationship can be translated to other chemoreceptor stimuli (i.e. hypoglycaemia) by testing the following hypotheses: (i)?activation of the carotid body chemoreceptors with hypoglycaemia MAO would reduce spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (sCBRS) in healthy humans; and (ii)?desensitization of the carotid chemoreceptors with hyperoxia would restore sCBRS to baseline levels during hypoglycaemia. Ten young healthy adults completed two 180?min hyperinsulinaemic [2?mU?(kg?fat-free mass)?1?min?1], hypoglycaemic (?3.2?��mol?ml?1) clamps, separated by at least 1?week and randomized to normoxia (arterial partial pressure of O2, 122?��?10?mmHg) or hyperoxia (arterial partial pressure of O2, 424?��?123?mmHg; to blunt activation of the carotid body glomus cells). Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, plasma catecholamines, heart rate variability (HRV) and sCBRS were assessed. During hypoglycaemia, HRV and sCBRS were reduced (P?