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By contrast, M2e-specific antibody was undetectable in serum samples collected from mice vaccinated with FA, SAS, or PBS alone. The adjuvant effect of SAS seemed to be better than that of FA because H5N1-M2e plus SAS induced a higher level of antibody responses. Importantly, the antibody titers specific to H5N1-M2e oxyclozanide and H7N9-M2e were similar (P > 0.05). These results indicate that H5N1-M2e vaccination induced a high level of M2e-specific antibody that effectively cross-reacted with H7N9-M2e, although a difference of approximately 21% (5/24) amino acids was identified between the sequences of H5N1-M2e and H7N9-M2e. Figure 2. Cross-reacting M2e-specific antibody responses induced by H5N1-M2e vaccination. Mice were vaccinated three times with tetrameric H5N1-M2e peptide mixed with FA (H5N1?M2e+FA) or SAS (H5N1?M2e+SAS). selleck kinase inhibitor Mice vaccinated with PBS, ... Furthermore, M2e of another H5N1 virus strain A/Hong Kong/156/97, which is nonreactive with H5N1-M2e (A/Vietnam/1194/04)-induced antibody,19 was included as a negative control in the ELISA experiments. As shown in Figure 2C, the titer of HK/156-M2e cross-reactive antibody was approximately 2 logs lower than that of H7N9-M2e (P H5N1-M2e vaccination provides potent cross-protection against lethal challenge with H7N9 influenza virus To evaluate whether H5N1-M2e vaccination could provide effective cross-protection against lethal infection of H7N9 virus, the H5N1-M2e-vaccinated mice were challenged with 10 LD50 of mouse-adapted A/Anhui/01/13 (H7N9) virus. As shown in Figure 3, vaccination of H5N1-M2e with either FA or SAS, could protect 80% (8/10) of mice from lethal challenge of H7N9 virus. The protective effect was Decitabine mouse similar to the results from experiments using lethal challenge with homogenous H5N1 virus.20 By contrast, the survival rate of mice vaccinated with SAS or PBS was 0% (0/10). Interestingly, 1 out of 10 mice vaccinated with FA also survived the lethal challenge (survival rate 10%). The survival rate of H5N1-M2e-vaccinated mice were significantly higher than that of mice vaccinated with FA, SAS, or PBS (P