Some Criminalized Facts Concerning PD-0332991 Claimed By A Expert

Participants were prescreened for bilingualism in a mass survey, and reported in the language background questionnaire that they spoke a non-tonal language other than English at home, or that they know another language fluently or natively. The non-tonal languages included Spanish, Korean, German, Polish, and French (see Table ?Table33 for details). Table 3 Language and musical background of four groups of participants. Materials and procedure The materials and procedure were identical to those used in Experiment 1. RESULTS AND GSK2118436 DISCUSSION As shown in Figure ?Figure11, the non-tonal bilinguals performed significantly better than chance [mean = 0.66, SD = 0.12; t(14) = 5.13, p Selleckchem PD332991 Experiment 1 and the non-tonal bilinguals from Experiment 3 to the two Mandarin-speaking groups from Experiment 2, the main effect of Tonal Experience was not significant [F(1,83) = 0.68, p = 0.41]. However, a comparison between the two bilingual groups (Mandarin�CEnglish bilinguals from Experiment 2 and non-tone bilinguals from Experiment 3) and the two monolingual groups (English monolinguals from Experiment 1 and Mandarin monolinguals from Experiment 2) reveals that the main effect of Bilingualism was significant [F(1,83) = 9.52, p participants. There was also an interaction among the groups [F(3,83) = 3.258, p Megestrol Acetate p = 0.22]. GENERAL DISCUSSION In this series of experiments, we tested four groups of participants from varying linguistic backgrounds in a tonal statistical language-learning task. Without any prior experience with tones, an English monolingual group failed to perform above chance (Experiment 1), suggesting a difficulty in processing these two redundant statistical cues. To further examine the prominence of tonal cues, we then tested two groups of Mandarin speakers: Mandarin monolinguals and Mandarin�CEnglish bilinguals (Experiment 2).