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A recent evaluation of eGFR equations among Africans with T2D showed that the MDRD was associated with lower bias compared to the CKD-EPI and Cockcroft�CGault equations (22). Thus, we used eGFR calculated ALOX15 from the MDRD equation for our multivariate analyses. We defined impaired kidney function as a dichotomous trait based on an eGFR the new Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) staging recommendations (23), when accompanied by signs of kidney damage. Cases were defined as individuals with impaired kidney function (eGFR? Fisher��s exact, and Mantel�CHaenszel tests. To examine the association between impaired kidney function (eGFR?Selleckchem PLX3397 intervals (CI). Multivariate models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), and triglycerides. Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was used to examine whether the model was a good fit. To examine potential effect modification of the association between T2D and risk of impaired kidney function, multivariate models were stratified on age ( and the analyses were conducted using SAS 9.3 for Unix (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results The baseline characteristics of the study participants are presented in Table ?Table1.1. BMN 673 mouse A total of 4815 participants (421 cases and 4394 controls) were included in the analyses. The mean age (SD) was 48 (15) years, and 41% (1984/4815) were male. Participants with impaired kidney function were more likely to be older, female, hypertensive, and diabetic, and have higher levels of LDL and triglycerides (Table ?(Table11). Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants by case�Ccontrol status. Using the CKD-EPI equation, the mean (SD) eGFR for those with T2D was 90 (28) ml/min/1.73?m2 compared to those without T2D, 105 (28) ml/min/1.73?m2, p-value