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Through restoration efforts plant�Csoil ... Methods We investigated inland and coastal grassland sites in southern California that have been invaded by Mediterranean annual grasses and forbs, but that diglyceride still support sparse native bunchgrasses and forbs. No uninvaded reference grasslands occur in southern California (Minnich 2008). An important contextual factor in this study is the difference in site histories, soils and current management strategies applied between our two study sites (Table?1). The inland grassland is located within the 4000-ha Santa Rosa Plateau Ecological Reserve in Murrieta, CA (33��31��N, 117��15��E). Soils at this location are basalts of the Vallecitos loam, thick solum variant (USDA NCSS SoilWeb Network), and restoration buy GDC-0941 consisted of exotic grass control through prescribed spring burns but no reseeding (Gillespie and Allen 2004). The 120-ha White Point Preserve coastal grassland is located in San Pedro, Los Angeles County (33��43��N, 118��18��W), and soils are classified as a clay loam of the Diablo Clay Adobe series (Nelson et al. 1919). Restoration consisted of hand weeding and mowing of invasive plant species and reseeding of native species. To examine the effects of restoration on the structure and function of the invaded grassland, we used nine previously established 1 m2 plots within areas that had undergone long-term restorations (9 years) and an additional nine plots in an adjacent unrestored grassland at each location. Restored areas were defined as those having experienced active restoration that had an exotic plant species cover of check details species, while unrestored areas had ��50 % cover by exotic plant species with sparse native species. Table?1. Comparison of site abiotic properties, land-use history and restoration methodologies. Measurements of ecosystem structure Plant species richness, per cent cover by individual species and per cent of litter cover were measured annually by visual estimation in gridded 1 m2 frames in each treatment at the peak of the growing season (March) in 2007�C09. Net annual productivity of annuals was determined by harvesting biomass in four functional groups (native forb, native grass, exotic forb and exotic grass) clipped at the soil level from 0.25 m2 sub-plots and scaled up to the 1 m2 plot size using regression of plant biomass and per cent cover in 0.25 m2 and per cent cover of 1 m2 plots. Additional biomass was collected for chemical analysis of the vegetative plant tissue at peak plant growth. All biomass was oven dried at 60 ��C and weighed. Biomass for tissue analysis was ground and analysed for total C and N on a soil combustion analyser system (Flash AlllZ, Thermo-Finnigan). To determine the effects of restoration on soil biological and chemical characteristics, three soil cores of 2.