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JCV was detected in 39.5% of patients and in 22% of healthy individuals (P?=?0.004). The most prevalent JCV genotype excreted was genotype 1 (69.8%), followed by genotype 2 (22.6%) and genotype 4 (7.5%). Distribution of genotypes between patients and healthy subjects showed a statistically significant difference for the type 1 compared to RecBCD the other variants (P?Crenolanib chemical structure severe clinical manifestations and deaths. Effective antiviral treatment and vaccines are not available. High-quality monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are necessary to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of EV71. In this study, a mAb (designated 1D9) was generated using EV71 C5 strain virus particles as immunogens. Examined by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting, 1D9 detected successfully all 11 subgenotypes of EV71 and showed Anti-diabetic Compound Library concentration no cross-reactivity to the four selected subgenogroups of Coxsackieviruses CAV4, CAV6, CAV10, and CAV16. A linear motif, R3VADVI8, which is located at the N-terminus of the EV71 VP1 protein, was identified as the minimal binding region of 1D9. Alignment and comparison of the 1D9-defined epitope sequence against the listed sequences in the NCBI EV71 database indicated that this epitope R3VADVI8 was highly conserved among EV71 strains, while no significant similarity was observed when blasted against the Coxsackieviruses. This suggests that the mAb 1D9 may be useful for the development of a cost-effective and accurate method for surveillance and early differentiation of EV71 from CAV16 infection. J. Med. Virol. 84:1620�C1627, 2012. ? 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of severe respiratory infections worldwide, and an important cause of childhood bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and mortality. Although prevention of RSV infection by immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab has proved effective, a precise understanding of the timing of RSV outbreaks is necessary to ensure that infants are protected when RSV is circulating. In this study a consistent shift in the seasonal patterns of RSV circulation in southeast Brazil (S?o Paulo) is reported based on the analysis of 15 years of viral surveillance.