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We are also grateful for the insights of two reviewers and the editor. All errors remain our own. Appendix To ensure that the stimuli talker��s productions were native-like in both languages, an accentedness rating study was completed. Native English and native Spanish listeners rated the nativeness of the productions of eight talkers, including the stimuli talker. All talkers recorded ?sop��s The North Wind and the Sun in Spanish and English, and the final set of talkers included one male and one female from each of the following four groups: monolingual English talkers, L1 English talkers who learned Spanish late and had completed college and graduate coursework in Spanish, L1 Spanish talkers from Latin America who learned English CB-839 purchase late and had moved to the U.S. to attend college, and early Spanish-English bilinguals (including the stimuli talker). The recordings from these eight talkers were divided into seven phrases, yielding 56 sound files of the talkers�� English and 56 sound files of their Spanish. The raters included ten monolingual Ritipenem English listeners and 10 L1 Spanish listeners from Latin America who learned English after age 14. None participated in the main study. Raters heard productions in their native language and decided how native- or foreign-sounding each production was by using the mouse to click on a horizontal line. The line appeared on the screen after the audio presentation of each sentence and represented a continuum between ��Perfectly native sounding�� (labeled as such at the left extreme) and ��Very foreign sounding�� (so labeled at the right extreme). The Spanish translations ��Suena totalmente nativo�� and ��No suena nada nativo�� were used in the Spanish version with the native Spanish listeners and the talkers�� Spanish productions. The accentedness rating was recorded as the x-intercept of the this website mouse at the click. The 56 sentences were randomized for each listener. Accentedness ratings were converted to z-scores to account for listeners using the continua differently, and the z-transformed accentedness ratings for English and Spanish productions were submitted to separate mixed-effects linear regression models using the lme4 (v1.1-7) and lmerTest (v2.0-20) packages in R (RStudio 0.99.489; RStudio Team, 2015). Listener was included as a random intercept, and testing talker as a fixed effect significantly improved the fit of a model with the random intercept alone, for both the English model (��2 = 1317.3, df = 7, p