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(Aguilar et al. 2003). Furthermore, development of lateral roots seemed to locally restrict aerenchyma development in the nodal roots of B. humidicola [see Supporting Information]. Lack of aerenchyma adjacent to lateral root emergence was also noted by other authors (Smirnoff and Crawford 1983; Justin and Armstrong 1991; Enstone and Peterson 2005). As lateral roots develop from the pericycle, their presence occupies space that would otherwise be aerenchymatous (Justin and Armstrong 1991). Reduction of root penetration from the beginning of waterlogging coincides with depletion of O2 as shown by redox potential values see more tip becomes anoxic (Armstrong and Drew 2002). As root penetration into anaerobic soil relies greatly upon the capacity for internal O2 transport to the root tip (for a review see Colmer 2003; Colmer and Greenway 2005), greater aerenchyma formation, as shown by CIAT 26570, would facilitate deeper penetration of roots into waterlogged soil. Aerenchyma in the shoot provides a ventilation channel between shoots and submerged roots (Sorrell et al. 1994; Colmer 2003; Afreen et al. 2007; Armstrong et al. 2009). Although aerenchyma was absent in the nodes of B. humidicola, it is possible that the continuum of the ventilation path between shoots and roots was restricted (rather than impeded) to intercellular Fluorouracil spaces in the nodes, as was suggested in rice (Butterbach-Bahl et al. 1997; Steffens et al. 2011). In this sense, the presence of a ventilation channel in leaf sheaths and stolon internodes (Figs ?(Figs44 and ?and5,5, Table ?Table4)4) might also contribute to the good adaptation of B. humidicola to waterlogged soils by enabling O2 transport from shoot to root, but also by facilitating the escape of gases (such as both carbon dioxide and ethylene which usually accumulate in the roots under waterlogged soil conditions; Visser et al. 1997). Very interestingly, CIAT 26570 also showed more aerenchyma in leaf sheaths and internodes than the rest of the accessions tested (Figs ?(Figs44 and ?and5,5, Table ?Table44). Conclusions The results obtained from this study help to identify adaptive traits UNC2881 associated with waterlogging tolerance in B. humidicola. Constitutive aerenchyma in nodal roots may allow B. humidicola accessions to tolerate oxygen deficiency from the onset of waterlogging. During waterlogging, development of more and thicker nodal roots with a higher proportion of aerenchyma, smaller stele area and showing a reduction of lateral roots may act together for a more efficient system for O2 transport to the elongation zone of the root (cf. Colmer 2003; cf. Colmer and Greenway 2005). The accession that showed this combination of root traits (CIAT 26570) showed larger roots (Table ?(Table3)3) and less reductions of root dry mass under waterlogged conditions (Table ?(Table1).1).