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2002), nuclear (Mason-Gamer 2005) and combined plastid/nuclear phylogenies (Escobar et al. 2011) of the subtribe. An earlier version of the T. aestivum plastome (Ogihara et al. 2000) was recently found to contain sequence from the rice plastid genome (Bahieldin et al. 2014). This contaminated genome was included in an early version of our plastome matrix, and in our preliminary MP and ML analyses the terminal branch of T. aestivum was considerably longer than those of the other Aegilops and Triticum taxa in the trees, indicative of this error (data diglyceride not shown). In the current matrix containing the corrected T. aestivum plastome sequence, the terminal branch for this taxon is very similar in length to those of all other taxa in the clade. Plastomes for the Aegilops and other Triticum species (except T. aestivum) were sequenced by Middleton et al. (2014). Their phylogeny depicting relationships between wheat, rye and barley was based on a 37 kb subset (AZD0530 cell line supported and identical to those reported by Middleton et al. (2014). Unique plastome features Within Pooideae the presence of the rps16-trnQ insertion solely in Brachyelytrum suggests that the loss of this insertion may be synapomorphic for the remaining genera. The insertion in the rps16-trnQ region of Phaenosperma and Melica is of note as, after Brachyelytrum, these two genera are the earliest to diverge in our analyses. A greater level of sampling within Phaenospermateae and Meliceae as well as sampling from the early diverging Nardeae and Lygeeae are needed to clarify the evolutionary history of these indels. One insertion of mitochondrial origin was identified in the plastome of Triticum monococcum. This is currently the fourth documented case of plastome regions exhibiting mitochondrial homology. This type of gene transfer was first documented by Goremykin et al. (2009) in Daucus carota. The second was located by Straub et al. (2013) in Asclepias and the third was located by Wysocki et al. (2015) in two species within the Parianinae lineage of the Bambusoideae (Eremitis sp., Pariana radiciflora). While the first three documented insertions GDC-0941 mouse were extensively tested for erroneous assembly, the T. monococcum plastome was not sequenced by our team and cannot currently be verified. One insertion of nuclear homology was identified in the plastome of Triticum urartu. The presence of this insertion, as well as the mitochondrial insertion, in the inverted repeat region suggests that it may have been retained due to the conserved nature of this region. This plastome was also not sequenced by our team so the presence of this insertion cannot be verified and may be an artefact of mis-assembly.