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Three echocardiographic characteristics were recorded: evidence of aortic insufficiency, subvalvular ridge or left ventricular hypertrophy. A disease status score was calculated by totalling the number of echocardiographic -characteristics per subject. Results: Thirty-two of 73 dogs Screening Library were affected and their aortic velocities were as follows: range 2��5 to 6��8 m/s, median 3��4 m/s and standard deviation 1��2 m/s. Echocardiographic characteristics of 32 affected dogs were distributed as follows: left ventricular hypertrophy 12 of 32, aortic insufficiency 20 of 32 and subvalvular ridge 20 of 32. Disease status score ranged from 0 to 3 with a median of 2. There was a statistically significant correlation between aortic velocity and disease status score (r=0��644, PEX 527 order (sudden death, congestive heart failure and endocarditis) and at least in one study have an average life span of 19 months (Kienle and others 1994). The gold standard for a diagnosis of SAS is the post-mortem identification of a subvalvular aortic ridge. However, the best pre-mortem non-invasive diagnosis of SAS is typically based on an estimation of increased aortic outflow velocity by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography measurement. Other supportive echocardiographic findings of SAS may be useful in diagnosis and include presence of a visible subvalvular ridge, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and aortic insufficiency Pramipexole (AI) (O��Grady and others 1989). SAS is known to be an inherited defect in Newfoundland dogs and children (Pyle and Patterson 1976, Petsas and others 1998, Wessels and others 2005, Wessels and others 2009). The golden retriever is over-represented in prevalence of SAS, which may indicate a familial aetiology; however, this is not well documented in the literature (Pyle and Patterson 1976, Jones and others 1981, Jones and others 1982, O��Grady and others 1989, Kienle and others 1994, Tidholm 1997, Buchanan 1999). Compared with other breeds, golden retrievers have an increased odds ratio (OR) of 6��8 for diagnosis of SAS (Buchanan 1999). The phenotype and echocardiographic findings of SAS in golden retrievers have not been described. The objectives of this study are to describe the familial nature and echocardiographic features of SAS in golden retrievers.