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Altogether, 62 patients had at least one plasma sample positive with an EBV-qPCR. Fifteen were immunocompetent, most had primary EBV infection, and the outcome was good. On the other hand, 36 had malignant disease, seven had HIV infection and seven had immunosuppressive conditions of an other aetiology. All but one of the malignancies were of lymphoid PI3K inhibitors in clinical trials origin, and most of these patients had a history of multiple cytotoxic treatments. Immunosuppressed patients had higher viral loads. EBV viraemia is associated with severe immunosuppression and lymphoid malignancies. Epstein�CBarr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus infecting over 90% of the world population and it is the causative agent of infectious Alectinib mononucleosis. Reactivation of latent EBV is clinically significant in immunocompromised patients and may lead to life-threatening post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) [1]. Nucleic acid amplification techniques have greatly improved our ability to detect EBV infections. Quantitative EBV-PCR is widely used in the diagnostic workup of diverse patient groups, besides allogeneic stem cell or solid organ transplant recipients. Most studies on the significance of EBV viral load have until now concentrated on preselected patients with a particular diagnosis. Quantification of EBV viral load has been shown to be of high value in the early diagnosis of PTLD, in pre-emptive treatment and in monitoring of treatment response among allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients [2,3], solid organ transplant recipients [4], as well as in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma [5] or EBV-positive Hodgkin��s disease [6]. We have determined the underlying or associated diseases and outcomes in adult patients in a tertiary care hospital who were found to be EBV-positive in plasma by using a quantitative PCR test. Allogeneic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients were excluded. We analysed retrospectively the clinical and laboratory records of the patients found to be positive in a quantitative Tryptophan synthase plasma real-time EBV-PCR assay during the period 2000�C2007. The requests for the PCR examinations came from individual clinicians on clinical grounds only (i.e. without knowledge of this study). Laboratory data from all non-operative adult wards of the Helsinki University Hospital were retrieved from the electronic record of the Department of Virology, Laboratory Division, Helsinki University Central Hospital. The wards included infectious diseases, haematology, nephrology, gastroenterology, cardiology, pulmonology, rheumatology, neurology and general internal medicine, as well as the emergency room and the medical intensive care unit. Allogeneic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients were excluded from the investigation. The study was approved by the ethical and personal data security authorities of the hospital.