Things They Told You About Thalidomide Is actually Dead Wrong

The purpose of this report is to review the literature on the neural substrates of risk for SZ, as reflected in neuroimaging studies of young (age Thalidomide Third, some of the longitudinal studies, particularly the Edinburgh High GABA receptors review Risk Study [McIntosh et al., 2011] and the Pittsburgh/Detroit High Risk Study [Keshavan et al., 1997] have published new results requiring synthesis and interpretation. We limit this review to MRI studies [e.g., structural (s)MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)] of younger, genetic HR samples (through age 30), which are now substantial in number (see Table I). Neuroimaging studies of youth at genetic HR for SZ were identified through a MEDLINE (PubMed) search using combinations of the following search terms ��genetic,�� ��familial,�� risk,�� ��high-risk,�� ��relatives,�� ��offspring,�� ��schizophrenia,�� ��MRI��, ��DTI,�� ��diffusion��, ��MRS,�� spectroscopy,�� ��gene,�� and ��genotype.�� Studies were also identified by reviewing the references of relevant articles identified through the search, as well as articles referenced by recent reviews [e.g., Lawrie et al., 2008; Keshavan et al., 2010]. Only studies with subjects age 30 or under were included (with the exception of a few novel studies that extended slightly outside this range [e.g., Whalley et al., 2009; Jang et al., 2011; Byun et al., 2012; Francis et al., 2012], with the vast majority of subjects in those samples under age 30). While studies vary somewhat see more in their clinical ascertainment, most have in common methods for the selection of HR cases, allowing a relatively common clinical framework for integration and generalization across studies. Each study had some specific elements that were unique, including such variables as age of the participants or probands, number of ill relatives in the family, etc., and we will address these methodological issues later. Various instruments were used to establish diagnosis and measure psychopathological symptoms and cognitive function. As an example, we take a description from the paper by Rosso et al. [2010] from our research group, which we believe to be largely representative of methods used across studies.