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In line with the preceding considerations, epitope functional similarity may be estimated in terms of differences between immunogen- and antigen-epitope structure relative to an idealized binding site of high complementarity to the immunogen epitope. However, this tends to underestimate potential for cross-reactivity, which suggests that epitope-binding CAL-101 nmr site complementarity is typically suboptimal. The apparently suboptimal complementarity may reflect a tradeoff to attain optimal immune function that favors generation of immune-system components each having potential for cross-reactivity with a variety of epitopes. Such cross-reactivity conceivably could be exploited in the development of practical applications such as Selleckchem Afatinib vaccines and immunodiagnostics (e.g., to aim for beneficially broad cross-reactivity rather than overly extreme immunologic specificity). Acknowledgments This work was supported by an Angelita T. Reyes Centennial Professorial Chair grant awarded to the author. Competing Interests The author declares that they have no competing interests.""End stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. When compared to dialysis, kidney transplantation prolongs life and is also associated with improved quality of life. The current graft survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years are 88%, 77%, and 60%, respectively, on tacrolimus based immunosuppression. However, the incidence of acute rejection is 11.4% over a mean follow-up of 94 months �� 84 months (minimum follow-up of 6 months) [1]. Cell mediated rejection can be classified as AIR and AVR [2]. AVR is usually characterized by the presence of tubulointerstitial Sitaxentan inflammation in addition to arteritis. Since 2007, reports of isolated vascular (v1) lesions, characterized by endothelial inflammation with minimal tubulitis and minimal interstitial inflammation, have been increasingly described [3�C11]. Banff 2009 guidelines defined isolated v lesions as arteritis with minimal interstitial inflammation (i