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The initial stapling started at the antrum, approximately 4 cm from the pyloric ring. Care was taken during stapling to maintain a sufficient distance from incisura angularis and the angle of His to prevent strictures or high leak after surgery. The staple line was selectively reinforced with either an interrupted or continuous oversewing method, especially where bleeding persisted or the staples overlapped. Postoperative management and data collection Patients initiated oral intake in the morning of the first postoperative day and were discharged once they achieved adequate CYTH4 oral intake, their pain was controlled, and they were ambulating without difficulty. The postoperative nutritional regimen consisted of a liquid or soft diet for the first 3 weeks with gradual increases in food texture, thereafter. Patients returned to the outpatient clinic 2 weeks after surgery and then every 3 months for the first postoperative year for monitoring of weight loss, appetite, dysphagia or food intolerance, eating behavior, comorbidity status, and the presence of any complications. Follow-up was decreased to every 12 months after the first year. Telephone interviews were used to monitor patients who could not visit the outpatient clinic. Follow-up data analysis The degree of weight loss was assessed using percent excess weight loss (%EWL) and percent excess BMI loss (%EBMIL), KU55933 which were calculated using the following formulas: %EWL = [(preoperative weight - current weight)/(preoperative weight - ideal weight)] �� 100 %EBMIL = [(preoperative BMI - current BMI)/(preoperative BMI - 23)] �� 100 The ideal weight was calculated using a formula corresponding to the midpoint of the medium frame of the Metropolitan Tables [10]. The %EBMIL was calculated using a BMI of 23 find more kg/m2 as the upper limit of normal, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended definition of obesity among Asians [11]. The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was made according to the criteria established by the American Diabetes Association (fasting blood glucose [FBS] �� 126 mg/dL or hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] level �� 6.5%), whereas the criteria for diabetic remission were defined as FBS