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9-2.0 ��M). The average biomass at high vs low concentrations are statistically significant (p Pazopanib molecular weight ARS-AAOA, LLC. ""Patients with IgE antibodies against the carbohydrate epitope galactose-��-1,3-galactose (��-Gal) have reported severe allergic reactions after consumption of red meat. Investigations have revealed associations between IgE to ��-Gal and tick bites. We provide the first direct evidence that ��-Gal is present within ticks thus potentially explaining the relationship between tick exposure and sensitization to ��-Gal, with development of red meat allergy as a secondary phenomena. Serum from Swedish patients with delayed severe reactions to red meat was included Regorafenib in vitro in the study. A dose-dependent inhibition of IgE responses to ��-Gal by the tick Ixodes?ricinus is demonstrated. Furthermore, using cryostat-cut sections of I.?ricinus, we show that both a monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody against ��-Gal stains the gastrointestinal tract of the tick. The same pattern is seen when staining with patient sera IgE positive to ��-Gal. These results confirm that the ��-Gal epitope is present in I.?ricinus and imply host exposure to ��-Gal during a tick bite. This provides further evidence that tick bites are associated with IgE responses to ��-Gal and red meat allergy. ""Recent data obtained in mouse models have initiated a controversy whether basophils are the key antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in allergy. Here, we investigate whether basophils are of importance for the presentation of allergen and the induction ALK of T cell proliferation in allergic patients. T cells, basophils, and APCs depleted of basophils were purified from allergic patients. Co-culture systems based on purified major allergens were established to study allergen-specific T cell responses using proliferation assays. Only co-cultures of T cells with APCs depleted of basophils but not with basophils proliferated in response to allergen. Even addition of IL-3 to T cell�Cbasophil co-cultures failed to induce allergen-specific T cell proliferation. Our data demonstrate by classical in vitro proliferation assays that basophils are not key antigen-presenting cells that promote T cell proliferation in secondary immune responses to allergen in allergic patients. Internalization and presentation of antigen by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is a crucial step in the initiation and modulation of allergic immune responses [1, 2].