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The study cohort included 46 patients [65% HD and 35% peritoneal dialysis this website (PD)], no significant differences in the ECW:TBW trends were observed between PD and HD patients [26]. Regardless of the dialysis vintage, interventions based on the Body Composition Monitor aiming for normovolaemia have resulted in an improvement in blood pressure (BP) regulation, arterial stiffness, LVH and even a reduction in all-cause mortality [27, 28]. Summarizing, FO appears to be already present before the start of dialysis, at least according to several studies, and appears to increase in relation to the severity of the CKD. Scarce available data suggests that FO improves after the start of dialysis therapy. However, more detailed studies are needed to assess the determinants and effects of different treatment policies on changes in fluid state following the start of dialysis. Hypertension There have been few studies assessing BP trends after the start of dialysis. A single-centre study from Tassin in France in 308 incident patients showed that BP in general decreased after the start of dialysis [29]. In this cohort, mean systolic BP decreased from 142 to 131 mmHg, and mean diastolic BP from 75 to 69 mmHg in the first year of dialysis. However, this centre is unique, especially in terms of dialysis duration, and it is therefore not known to ankyrin what extent these data can be extrapolated to the general dialysis population. Low BP at the start of dialysis was associated with a higher mortality, GSK-3 beta phosphorylation in agreement with the ��reversed epidemiology concept�� which is in line with previous studies [30, 31]. However, BP at 3, 6 and 12 months was not associated with adverse outcome. In contrast, the tertile of patients which experienced the largest decline in BP during the first year on dialysis had better outcomes when compared with the other tertiles. Thus, in combination with the excellent survival reported in this centre, the decline in BP after the start of dialysis was interpreted as beneficial [29]. In contrast, a study comprising 3446 incident dialysis patients of a US provider [32] showed an initial decrease in systolic BP within the first week after the start of dialysis, followed by a steady increase and a plateau phase after 12 weeks. No major differences in mean pre-dialytic systolic BP levels in the overall cohort were observed between the start of dialysis and a 1-year follow-up period [32]. Also in this study, low pre-dialytic BP (defined as systolic BP