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2004). Centaurea maculosa is short-lived (UNC2881 and matched invasions (or tree plantations) show that invasions typically have a higher water-use than native vegetation. The differences are consistent with expectations given the changes in vegetation structure (e.g. height, root depths, LAI) and physiology (e.g. deciduousness) (Calder 2005; Moore and Heilman 2011; Funk 2013). Thus, the hydrological impacts of invasive alien plant species are not special or exceptional, although differences in their physical and physiological traits may allow them to maintain greater water-use than the native species they replace. Information about these traits can be used to provide more robust estimates of the water-use of species see more whose water-use has not yet been measured. Riparian invasions In riparian or floodplain settings (or areas with aquifers accessible by plant roots), theory predicts and data show that evaporation will be greater than the adjacent dryland areas because water availability is no longer the primary limiting factor (Scott 1999; Dye and Jarmain 2004; Calder 2005; Hultine and Bush 2011; Moore and Heilman 2011; Salemi et al. 2012). Evaporation from riparian invasions by A. mearnsii exceeded that for the native vegetation in the Western Cape and in the KwaZulu-Natal midlands by ?171 and 424 mm/year, respectively (Table?3) (Dye and Jarmain 2004). The greater annual evaporation in the Western Cape was attributed largely to high daily transpiration Sirtuin activator rates during the dry, hot summer. The greater difference between invaded and natural sites in KwaZulu-Natal was primarily due to seasonal (winter) dormancy in the riparian grassland. In both cases, the evaporation in the adjacent dryland communities was lower than that for the riparian communities. Pinus species growing in a riparian zone were found to use ?200 mm/year more water than pines in the adjacent dryland fynbos (Table?3) (Dzikiti et al. 2013a). Short-term increases in low flows of 9�C31 m3/ha/day have been reported after clearing riparian invasions (Dye and Poulter 1993; Prinsloo and Scott 1999; Rowntree and Beyers 1999; Everson et al. 2001). The relative gains in streamflow from riparian versus dryland clearing of plantation trees range from 3.35 times at Biesievlei to ?2.39 times at Two Streams (Table?3).