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Other studies have reported a beneficial role for DHEA (S) in various physiologic or pathophysiologic conditions such as brain development, aging, osteoporosis, immune system-mediated rheumatologic diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, chronic heart failure (particularly when linked with oxidative stress), and recently, vascular remodeling as occurring in pulmonary arterial hypertension (3). Nevertheless, only few marked beneficial effects have been clearly reported S6 Kinase with DHEA supplementation in human and therefore, this subject is still controversial. In the present article, we aimed at providing a short review of recently published works showing the inverse correlation between the circulating levels of DHEA and DHEA-S and the degree of illness in several pathophysiologic situations. We focused our attention on CVD and on the beneficial effects of counteracting DHEA (S) deficiency by supplementation. We also discussed the putative mechanisms of action exerted by the hormone in several cardiovascular target organs and tissues. 2. Evidence Acquisition All references have been searched using PubMed and the following strategy: Our initial selection included all articles in English language and we sorted them with the keywords ��DHEA or DHEA-S�� and ��heart or vascular or endothelium or cardiovascular disease��. The search was not limited by neither the publication date nor specific journals. The final selection was made http://www.selleckchem.com/products/LY294002.html according to the relevance of the article content to the aims of the review. According to these criteria, click here 3. Results 3.1. Low Levels of Dehydroepiandrosterone (Sulfate) Predicts Cardiovascular Health Disorders 3.1.1. Assessing a Role for Dehydroepiandrosterone (Sulfate) Correlation between DHEA or DHEA-S plasma levels and ageing-related pathologies has been widely explored during the last twenty years. Indeed, DHEA (S) levels in circulation decrease with ageing more markedly than those of other hormones. Numerous studies have shown a negative correlation between the levels of these hormones and ageing, as defined by the occurrence of several disorders including CVD as well as more definitive entities such as mortality. However, the predictive value is influenced by factors such as sex and smoking habits. In a cohort of elderly subjects, it was demonstrated that DHEA-S levels inversely correlated with men mortality whereas there was no association with women mortality (4). In addition, only one published work has clearly mentioned physiologic differences between DHEA and DHEA-S to relate their respective concentrations to various pathologies (5). They highlighted the difficulty to properly correlate DHEA concentration with diseases, probably due to the different hormone distribution throughout life, compared to its sulfated form.