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HA and CS demonstrate favorable effects on chondrogenesis by upregulating transcription factor Sox9 mRNA (up to 4.6-fold) and downregulating type I collagen mRNA (up to 18-fold). Results highlight the important relationship between matrix components and expression of critical lubricating proteins in an engineered cartilage scaffold. ? 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1886�C1897, 2012 ""We tested Anti-cancer Compound Library the hypothesis that erythropoietin (EPO) enhances bone formation after posterolateral spinal fusion (PLF) in a rabbit model. Thirty-four adult rabbits underwent posterolateral intertransverse arthrodesis at the L5�CL6 level using 2.0?g autograft per side. The animals were randomly divided into two groups receiving subcutaneous daily injections of either EPO or saline for 20 days. Treatment commenced 2 days preoperatively. Hemoglobin was monitored at baseline and 2, 4, and 6 weeks after fusion surgery. After euthanasia 6 weeks postoperatively, manual palpation, radiographic, and histomorphometric examinations were performed. selleck chemicals Bone volume of the fusion mass was estimated by CT after 6 weeks. EPO increased bone fusion volume to 3.85?ccm (3.66�C4.05) compared with 3.26?ccm (2.97�C3.55) in the control group (p?Sitaxentan a partial explanation for the efficacy of EPO as a bone autograft enhancer. ? 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1083�C1088, 2012 ""It is suggested that pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are produced by interaction of the intervertebral nucleus pulposus cells and macrophages, may be linked to the cause of pain of the intervertebral disc herniation. This study carries out the in vitro experiments to examine the mechanism, with the use of the co-culture of an immortalized cell line of nucleus pulposus of the human intervertebral disc and the macrophage cell line. As a result, it is found that the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is significantly larger at the co-culture group than at the independent culture group. Also, at the co-culture group of macrophages and intervertebral nucleus pulposus cells with over-expression of fas ligand (FasL), the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is found to be far larger. Furthermore, it is found that these pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced mainly by the intervertebral nucleus pulposus cells with over-expression of FasL, and that the expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10, which controls the expression of FasL and activates reverse signaling inside cells, also increases.