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The PECO was induced 5 s prior to the cessation of exercise by rapid inflation to 200 mmHg of a pneumatic cuff around the upper arm (E20 Hokanson System, Hokanson, Bellvue, NC, USA). Euoxic hypercapnia was accomplished by a dynamic computerized end-tidal forcing system. Briefly, the breath-by-breath end-tidal CO2 and O2 compositions were recorded and compared with desired values by a computer that controlled a fast gas-mixing system. An integral-proportional feedback control scheme was used to modify inspired gas mixtures according to the deviations of measured values from the Resiquimod desired values. In the hypercapnic trials, was increased by elevating the partial pressure of inspired CO2, whereas the partial pressure of inspired O2 was maintained at levels needed to elicit a of 100 mmHg. The control scheme has been described in detail previously (Robbins et al. selleck kinase inhibitor 1982). Inspired gases were heated and humidified. Respiratory volumes were measured by use of a turbine, and ventilation is reported at body temperature and pressure when saturated with water vapour. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously using finger photoplethysmography (Portapress, Finapress Medical Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and a three-lead ECG (Micromon 7141 monitor, Kontron Medical, Plaisir, France), respectively. The middle finger of the non-exercising arm, which rested at heart level, on the armrest of the chair, was used for measurement of blood pressure. The blood pressure and ECG signals were sampled by an analog-to-digital converter (Cambridge Electronic Design 1401 plus, Cambridge, UK). Data were recorded and displayed using Spike2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design). Ventilation , blood pressure (Portapress, Finapress Medical Systems) and heart rate (ECG) were continuously recorded throughout the duration of the protocol. Minute averages were calculated for baseline, steady state, second minute into exercise, second minute of PECO and second minute of recovery. Differences between baseline values across trials were tested by means of one-way ANOVA for repeated measures. Local weighted SAR405838 purchase scatter plot smoothing was applied in the mean ventilation curves from baseline until the end of steady state for the CHEMO and CHEMO+ERGO trials. This revealed the same distinct ventilatory pattern in both trials. One steep increase followed by a plateau, which was maintained until the end of the exposure, verified that the steady state was achieved within approximately 5 min. This is in accordance with the results of Berkenbosch et al. (1989) who used end-tidal forcing to induce hypercapnia, like the present investigation. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used to examine differences between trials. When appropriate, multiple-comparison adjusted post hoc tests were then applied to reveal differences. Data are expressed as means ��s.e.m., and significance (P