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At radical prostatectomy, surgical samples were obtained from 49 patients [41 with localized TNM stage T1 and T2, and eight with local cancer spread (TNM stage T3)]. Thirteen of the tissue samples were high-grade prostate cancer [Gleason score: 4?+?3 (n?=?7); 4?+?4 (n?=?6)], 22 low-grade prostate cancer [Gleason score: 3?+?3 (n?=?17); 3?+?4 (n?=?5)] and 14 benign prostate tissues. This study demonstrates that high-grade prostate cancer shows significantly higher Ki-67 staining and concentrations of phosphocholine (PC) and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) than does low-grade prostate cancer (2.4?��?2.8% versus 7.6?��?3.5%, p?SKI-606 price p?=?0.07, and 5.3?��?3.8% versus 2.9?��?3.8%, p?=?0.07, respectively). PC and Ki-67 were significantly lower and GPC higher in prostate tissues when compared with cell cultures, presumably because of a lack of important stromal�Cepithelial interactions in cell cultures. The findings of this study will need to be validated in a larger cohort of surgical patients with clinical outcome data, but support the role of in vivo1H MRSI in discriminating between low- and high-grade prostate cancer based http://www.selleckchem.com/products/byl719.html on the magnitude of elevation of the in vivo total choline resonance. Copyright ? 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ""An adiabatic multi-echo spectroscopic imaging (AMESING) sequence, used for 31P MRSI, with spherical k-space sampling and compensated phase-encoding gradients, was implemented on a whole-body 7-T MR system. One free induction decay (FID) and up to five symmetric echoes can be acquired with this sequence. In tissues with low T2* and high T2, this can theoretically lead to a potential maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increase of almost a factor of three, compared with a conventional FID acquisition with Ernst-angle excitation. However, with Pramipexole T2 values being, in practice, ��400?ms, a maximum enhancement of approximately two compared with low flip Ernst-angle excitation should be feasible. The multi-echo sequence enables the determination of localized T2 values, and was validated with 31P three-dimensional MRSI on the calf muscle and breast of a healthy volunteer, and subsequently applied in a patient with breast cancer. The T2 values of phosphocreatine, phosphodiesters (PDE) and inorganic phosphate in calf muscle were 193?��?5?ms, 375?��?44?ms and 96?��?10?ms, respectively, and the apparent T2 value of ��-ATP was 25?��?6?ms. A T2 value of 136?��?15?ms for inorganic phosphate was measured in glandular breast tissue of a healthy volunteer.