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86 �� 5.55 years, 27.41 �� 1.81, and 1.43 �� 0.63, respectively. Sixty-four (47.8%) and 70 (52.2%) participants had MMSE scores above 27 (normal cognition) and within 24 to 27 (mild cognitive impairment), respectively. Among the participants, 108 (80.6%) were classified as having mild PD, with H&Y stages of 1�C1.5. The mean UPDRS score was 39.48 �� 18.30 and the mean UPDRS part I (mentation, behavior, and mood), part II (activities of daily living (ADL)), part III (motor evaluation), and part VI (therapy complications) scores were 3.36 �� 2.32, 12.93 �� 6.30, 20.29 �� 11.03, and 3.50 �� 3.22, respectively. The mean total PDSS-2 score, overall PDQ-39 score, and LEDD were 18.36 �� 16.92, 37.99 �� 25.40, and 617.06 �� 454.73, respectively. The severities of depression and anxiety were based on the cut-off values of 13 and 7, respectively, on the BDI and BAI questionnaires [22, 23], CX-5461 ic50 and patients with PD were classified into the following groups according to their depression and anxiety scores, respectively: normal (0�C13 versus 0�C7), mild (14�C19 versus 8�C15), moderate (20�C28 versus 16�C25), and severe (29�C63 versus 26�C63). There were more participants (92, 68.70%) with different levels of anxiety compared to depression (49, 36.60%) in this sample. To demonstrate that anxiety coexisted with depression in patients with PD, a 4 �� 4 cross table was conducted. The results showed that 39 of the 134 participants (29.10%) had neither depression nor anxiety. Anxiety in the absence of depression was evident in 46 patients (34.33%), depression in the absence selleck inhibitor of anxiety was evident in three patients (2.22%), and anxiety coexisting with depression was observed in 46 patients (34.33%). Table 2 displays the levels of coexistence for anxiety and depression among the study participants. Table 2 Coexistence of anxiety and depression (N = 134). As for whether the participants' characteristics showed sex differences, we found that women with PD demonstrated significantly higher scores (more depression/anxiety symptoms) on the BDI (t(132) = ?2.28, p = 0.024) and BAI (t(132) = ?3.17, p = 0.004) and higher scores (poorer QOL) on the PDQ-39 (t(132) = ?2.08, p = 0.039) than men with PD. Moreover, the Chi-squared Dipivefrine test with Fisher's exact test, which was used to examine sex differences in the abovementioned four anxiety groups, as well as in the four depression groups, revealed that there was a higher proportion of women in the depression groups (��2(3) = 12.46, p = 0.005) but a higher proportion of men in the anxiety groups (��2(3) = 13.61, p = 0.003). The one-way ANOVA for examining the differences in the characteristics among the four anxiety groups showed that there were significant differences in the disease duration (F(1,130) = 3.41, p = 0.020) and LEDD (F(1,130) = 4.39, p = 0.006), as well as in the UPDRS (F(1,130) = 8.72, p