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Interrater agreement was assessed using kappa statistics. Chest radiographs of 41 PVS patients were evaluated; median age at presentation 5.2 (0.5�C102.6) months. Underlying congenital heart disease was present in 31 (76%), lung disease in four (10%), and neither in six (15%). Common heart diseases were hypoplastic Akt inhibitor left heart syndrome (five, 12%), totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection (nine, 22%), and heterotaxy (five, 12%). PVS was bilateral in 22 (54%), right-sided in six (14%), and left-sided in 13 (32%). All chest radiographs were abnormal. Increased interstitial opacity was present in all patients, reticular opacity in 35 (85%), and ground-glass opacity in 29 (71%). Consolidation (one, 2%), pleural effusions (four, 10%), and nodular opacities (0) were unusual. Distributional heterogeneity was common (17, 42%). Interrater agreement was generally high (kappa >0.84) except for lobe location. Findings were similar among patients with isolated PVS, PVS with congenital heart disease, and PVS with lung disease. Diagnosis of PVS should be considered in infants with increased interstitial opacity, reticular opacity, and ground-glass opacity on chest radiography, especially if findings are heterogeneous. ""Objective.? To compare indices of vascular health and heart rate variability in preschool-aged children with repaired congenital heart disease (CHD) including tetralogy of Fallot (n = 6) and coarctation of the aorta (n = 6). Design.? A cross-sectional study Ibrutinib chemical structure design was used. All measures were noninvasive and collected over a single testing session under the supervision of a parent/guardian. Setting.? Data collection took place in a quiet, temperature-controlled room (23��� 1��C) with the participant in a supine position. Patients.? Twelve (six females, six males) preschool-aged children with repaired TRIB1 CHD (CHD: 4 �� 1 years) and 12 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (CON: 5 �� 1 years) participated in the study. Outcome Measures.? Supine, resting measures of heart rate variability (time, frequency, and nonlinear domains), whole-body pulse wave velocity (ventricular depolarization to dorsalis pedis artery), brachial blood pressures, and carotid artery distensibility, lumen diameter, intima-media thickness, and wall/lumen ratio were collected in both groups. Results.? The groups were similar in age, height, and weight; however, CON had significantly higher body mass index values (CON: 16.9 �� 2.2, CHD: 15.1 �� 1.0, P .05). Carotid artery pulse pressures (CHD: 38 �� 6?mm?Hg, CON: 31 �� 6?mm?Hg, P