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In the NFBC1986 cohort, externalizing behavior was also assessed in childhood. In both populations, PEMCS is associated with a higher likelihood of adolescent drug experimentation. In the NFBC1986 cohort, exposed (versus non-exposed) adolescents experiment with an extra 1.27 [B = 0.24, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.15, 0.33 P?Selleck PF-2341066 remain in the multivariate and mediational analyses. Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking appears to be associated with a higher probability of experimenting with drugs during adolescence, both directly and indirectly via externalizing behavior and the number of peers reported as using drugs. ""6869" "The study of compulsivity has been of long-standing interest in psychiatry but has recently become a hot topic of research after being linked to over a dozen conditions. In their review, el-Guebaly and colleagues [1] present evidence that pathological gambling (PG) is a condition that shares more phenomenological, neurobiological, psychological and treatment-related commonalities with substance use disorders (SUDs) than with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The suggestion is that PG should be diagnostically re-classified click here as a ��behavioural addiction�� rather than an ��impulse�Ccontrol disorder�� (ICD). The authors go on to argue that the compulsivity observed in PG is similar to that observed in SUDs AZ191 and may represent a candidate endophenotype. The review presents a fresh and innovative approach to understanding these common and disabling disorders. We take this opportunity to present some of the potential challenges of adopting this approach for future research. First, while the concept of compulsivity is useful for communication between clinicians, it is too ambiguous and confusing for research studies of the topic. For example, one may conceptualize compulsivity as: ��the feeling of being compelled to think or act�� (e.g. OCD; [2]); ��engaging in habit-learning behaviour�� (e.g. SUDs; [3]); ��repeatedly failing to resist an urge�� (e.g. trichotillomania; [4]); or simply ��engaging in stereotypical or ritualistic behaviours�� (e.g. anxiety disorders; [5]). Similarly, it is not clear whether the ��compulsivity�� related to obsessive�Ccompulsive spectrum disorders (e.g. OCD, body dysmorphic disorder) is similar to that reported in ICDs (e.g. PG, trichotillomania, kleptomania) or SUDs. These issues may help to explain why many clinicians and scientists are still unable to clearly define this concept, or differentiate it from impulsive or addictive behaviour.