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Where pre-exercise data were available, Student's paired t test was conducted to test for baseline differences. Our primary analysis on data obtained postexercise was made using stepwise regression analyses to determine effects of drug and time on recovery parameters using SAS Proc MCF2L GLMSELECT (SAS v9.1; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A stepwise approach was used so that the possibility of both linear and quadratic regressions against time could be included in the analysis in addition to drug effects. The criterion for a term remaining in the model was set at 0.15, while significance was set at P selleck products recreationally active subjects (Table 1). All subjects reached subjective exhaustion (Borg rating of perceived exertion = 19�C20) within 9�C12 min during the graded exercise test. Prior to exercise, supine resting heart rate was higher on the blockade day (59 �� 1 beats min?1) compared with the control day (55 �� 2 beats min?1; P 0.05). Femoral vascular conductance was similar on both days (control, 2.6 �� 0.4 versus blockade, 2.5 �� 0.3 ml min?1 mmHg?1; P > 0.05). selleck chemicals Femoral blood flow was similar on both days (control, 213 �� 29 versus blockade, 210 �� 26 ml min?1; P > 0.05). Arterial glucose was similar on both days (control, 4.9 �� 0.2 versus blockade, 4.7 �� 0.2 mm; P > 0.05). Likewise, there were no differences in leg glucose delivery or leg oxygen delivery between days (both P > 0.05). Glucagon was similar on both days (control, 75.7 �� 4.6 versus blockade, 75.3 �� 5.2 pg ml?1; P > 0.05). Insulin was similar on both days (control, 13.3 �� 2.5 versus blockade, 12.6 �� 3.3 mU l?1; P > 0.05). All subjects completed the 1 h cycling bout at the wattage corresponding to 60% of . Each subject cycled at the same absolute workload for both study days, ranging from 85 to 170 W (Table 1). The percentage of heart rate reserve (defined as maximal heart rate achieved during the test minus resting heart rate) sustained during exercise was slightly lower on the blockade day despite constant wattage (control, 69 �� 2 versus blockade, 64 �� 2%; P