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Type and severity of incontinence, prior history, results of examinations performed, number of visits, and effect of all treatments provided, were included in a clinical database. Seven hundred twenty children aged 4�C16 years (mean 8.5?��?2.2?years, 239 girls) were included in the analysis (42% with monosymptomatic (MNE), 55% with non-MNE, and GABA cancer 3% with isolated daytime incontinence). Initial evaluation revealed only few underlying causes (one neurological and eight anatomical). Investigations showed significant differences between MNE and non-MNE patients as both maximal voided volume and nocturnal urine volume was lower in non-MNE patients (P?Thalidomide the latter patients are more difficult and time-consuming to manage. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:475�C481, 2014. ? 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""This aim of this study is to identify the brain mechanisms involved in bladder control. We used fMRI to identify brain regions that are activated during bladder filling. We then used resting state connectivity fMRI (rs-fcMRI) to assess functional connectivity of regions identified by fMRI with the rest of the brain as the bladder is filled to capacity. Female participants (n?=?20) were between ages 40 and 64 with no significant history of symptomatic urinary incontinence. Main effect of time (MET) fMRI analysis resulted in 20 regions of interest (ROIs) that have significant change in BOLD signal (z?=?3.25, P?selleckchem of bladder runs comparing full versus empty bladder state. Rs-fcMRI fixed effects analysis identified significant changes in connectivity between full and empty bladder states in seven brain regions (z?=?4.0) using the three BST ROIs and sixteen brain regions (z?=?7) using the twenty MET ROIs. Regions identified include medial frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate (PCC), inferiolateral temporal and post-central gyrus, amygdale, the caudate, inferior parietal lobe as well as anterior and middle cingulate gyrus.