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Ideally, this would also involve comparing non-human primate species that vary in their capacity to produce vowel-like sounds. Overall, when task differences are acknowledged, the current literature provides no compelling evidence that non-human animals show the kind of vowel perception biases that have been documented in humans. Despite the challenges, researchers are developing novel methods to assess perception in non-human animals across a wider range of processing demands. For example, several researchers have successfully measured spontaneous listening preferences in non-human primates (e.g., Watanabe and Nemoto, 1998; McDermott and Hauser, 2004). Understanding the evolution of language involves identifying which aspects of speech processing are shared with other animals and which are human-specific (Pinker and Jackendoff, 2005). To achieve this we must identify the dimensions of the speech signal that are accessed and also uncover the mechanisms that come into play when different species interact with spoken language. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Acknowledgments Support from Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (Danish National Research Foundation, grant DNRF93) to OB, from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN/105397-2012) to LP, and from the National Institutes of Health (R01 HD067250) to DW is gratefully acknowledged. Footnotes 1In KEtC's Figure 1, which plots asymmetries in discrimination of vervets from Sinnott (1989), the arrow going from /?/to /?/is in the wrong direction. The asymmetry described with respect to /u/-/?/ is also reversed in the first paragraph on page three, but correctly displayed in Figure 1.""Talhelm et al. (2014) test the hypothesis that activities which require more intensive collaboration foster more SP600125 concentration collectivist cultures. They demonstrate that a measure of collectivism correlates with the proportion of cultivated land devoted to rice paddies, which require more work to grow and maintain than other grains. The data come from individual measures of provinces in China. While the data is analyzed carefully, one aspect that is not directly controlled for is the historical relations between these provinces. Spurious correlations can occur between cultural traits that are inherited from ancestor cultures or borrowed through contact, what is commonly known as Galton's problem (Roberts and Winters, 2013). Effectively, Talhelm et al. treat the measures of each province as independent samples, while in reality both farming practices (e.g., Renfrew, 1997; Diamond and Bellwood, 2003; Lee and Hasegawa, 2011) and cultural values (e.g., Currie et al., 2010; Bulbulia et al., 2013) can be inherited or borrowed.