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4 without image reconstruction gaps.44�C46 A high-pitch fast protocol allows imaging of the entire coronary circulation in a single heart beat (0.27 seconds for 12 cm coverage): in that way, image quality is more independent of heart rate and phase of the cardiac cycle.46 The second-generation 128-slice DECT uses a pitch value of 3.2 in the high-pitch spiral scan mode, in which prospective electrocardiography-triggered spiral data acquisition is completed within a single cardiac cycle for sufficiently short scan ranges and sufficiently long inter-beat (R-R) intervals; in this way, the chest is covered in 700 msec, obtaining information about the heart Dolutegravir supplier and entire chest, opening up new and interesting scenarios in terms of comprehensive cardiothoracic imaging. The second detector array is used to fill in the sampling gaps, and cross-sectional images are obtained from the acquired data with a temporal resolution of 75 msec and an offset of approximately 0.65 msec.47 Radiation exposure is also minimized in high-pitch DECT, obtaining a radiation dose 50% compared with systems from previous generations.36,48,49 Sommer et al showed that patients with regular and low heart rates (CDK9 the retrospective gating, and of 61.2%, compared with prospective triggering: Obeticholic Acid purchase hence, the high-pitch protocol showed a great benefit in terms of lifetime attributable to cancer risk of cardiac CT.43 Future research Two of the most promising emerging solutions in terms of the potential clinical impact of CT are: CT thermometry, which aims at controlling the amount of tissue damaged during hyperthermal procedures; and CT-guided procedures, which allow accurate positioning of either a needle or an applicator for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this section, the basis for and the most significant challenges of these promising solutions are described. Moreover, there is a section devoted to description of other emerging applications, including integration of positron emission tomography (PET) with CT scanners, X-ray/MR systems, and phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCI). CT thermometry Much recent research effort has been devoted to introduction of noninvasive techniques for monitoring of temperature during hyperthermal treatment.49 Knowledge of tissue temperature may be particularly beneficial, allowing the operator to visualize the running procedure and to be notified in real time about its outcome.50 Noninvasive techniques are recommended in this field.