The Conflict Around Contentious Sitaxentan-Methods

This should also enable to monitor protein-protein interactions in a controlled biochemical environment. Lastly, upcoming developments are expected to improve the visualization of complex-mediated luminescence in living cells. In that case, the HT-GPCA could be used to detect dynamic interactions in the context of the addition of drugs or complex inhibitors thus allowing live monitoring of the disruption of an interaction. In all, this approach constitutes an efficient outline for any studies of pathogen-host interplay and we feel that comparative interactome analyses could provide a solid framework to understand microbe hijacking of host cells. Disclosures The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests. Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by funding from the Institut Pasteur and by grants from the Ligue nationale contre le Cancer (grants R05/75-129 and RS07/75-75), the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (grants ARC A09/1/5031 and 4867), and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR07 MIME 009 02 and ANR09 MIEN 026 01). M.M was a recipient of a M.E.N.R.T fellowship.""During early embryogenesis, gametogenesis occurs through a series of stages including primordial germ cell (PGC) formation, migration, and finally colonization of the gonadal ridges. During this time PGCs undergo proliferation and differentiation into increasingly more mature gametes 1. The fact that PGCs migrate from the base of the allantois into the embryo hindgut and finally along the dorsal wall eventually colonizing the gonadal ridges makes them exceedingly difficult to study 2. Despite advances in the field, studies attempting to understand PGC formation and differentiation have been impeded by their limited number, location, and migratory nature 3,4. In recent years embryonic stem cells have been shown to have the potential to form germ cells in vitro 5,6. Similarly, several somatic stem cells have also been shown to have the potential to form germ cells following in vitro culturing 7-11. Recently stem cells isolated from newborn mouse skin were differentiated in vitro into germ-like cells and early stage oocytes 12. During differentiation the subset of the stem cells expressing Oct4 increased and RG7204 purchase structures resembling cumulus-oocyte complexes were formed. The oocyte-like cells (OLCs) can be picked from the cultures and compared to natural oocytes. Using this culture method OLCs measuring 40-45 ��m are obtained that express similar markers to oocytes such as Gdf9b, VASA, and DAZL. To date the resulting OLCs remain unable to mature or be fertilized 12. Although the OLCs remain unable to function the protocol used to form these OLCs may still have utility as an assay to study the formation and development of earlier stage germ cells within a closed in vitro system. The original publication discussing the formation of OLCs from somatic stem cells utilized fetal porcine skin as a stem cell source 8.