My 1-Second Rule of thumb Towards DZNeP

Welcome et al. (2011) performed a single word processing study in which participants were required to either generate word associations or mental images. Participants elicited the same increased negativity (N400) as previous studies for concrete words during word association but, contrary to previous studies, during the imagery condition, abstract words elicited a more negative response at 756�C1500 ms. To better localize the effects of word Carboplatin concreteness and task demands, Gullick et al. (2013) modified West and Holcomb (2000)��s procedure by presenting single words in two conditions, one requiring visualization and imagery and the other requiring simple letter search. Gullick et al. (2013) found, similar to previous research, that the N400 was sensitive to concreteness and visualizability and that it extended from temporo-parietal to frontal medial sites. However, the concreteness effect was also observed for the simple letter search possibly suggesting that concreteness may not depend on word meaning during this type of single word processing task. The concreteness effect associated with simple letter search, it was argued, may be due to the lack of sentential context. The visualization concreteness effects, on the other hand, were task dependent and, for the N400, were found to have the greatest amplitudes at medial temporo-parietal sites. Therefore, those authors suggested that concreteness and visualization are discrete processes quantified by the N400. Their findings for the later N700 indicated primarily frontal activity which was attributed to mental imagery processing for concrete words. The studies that we just reviewed, similar to fMRI experiments, approach the processing of concrete and abstract words as a ��tip of the iceberg�� problem; that is, as static events captured at specific moments in the ERP (i.e., N400) at specific electrode sites. Accordingly, the methods employed aim to determine which electrodes to select and statistically analyze as single separable outcomes, and by design, they only partially address the underlying neurocognitive dynamical processes. The focus of interest in the present study was to examine how sensory visualization supports young children��s acquisition of word meaning and implicates a network of connections overlapping dynamically within the visuospatial and language pathways. Using children data, we employed a novel approach to examine concrete and abstract word/picture processing as a post-stimulus onset neural path progression from the onset pairing of the auditory word and the visuo-auditory word-picture matching up to the moment of the selection of the correct picture. Study Design and Hypotheses Auditory and visual stimuli were used in a two-part word verification task (WVT, see Figure ?Figure11) to examine the neural correlates of visualization underlying word comprehension in preschool children.