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Furthermore, we calculated the 6-year cancer-free survival rate and examined differences in the risk of cancer among the five groups. In the present study, the differences were determined to be statistically significant if the two-sided p value was ��?0.05. The selected study sample was composed of 35,758 patients Doxorubicin ic50 who had at least a consensus of three diagnosed episodes of diabetes to increase the validity of the diagnosis. Additionally, we excluded 2881 patients who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes before January 1, 1998, to ensure that only new cases were included in the study. Ultimately, our study sample included 32,877 patients with type 2 diabetes. Of these patients, 23,217 had received metformin treatment, and 5400 had received no antidiabetic drug treatment during the follow-up period. The 32,877 patients in the type 2 diabetes group were further divided into four groups. Group 1 included 5400 patients with type 2 diabetes not taking any antidiabetic drugs. Group 2 consisted of 1024 patients who took metformin only. Group 3 consisted of 4160 patients who took antidiabetic drugs other than metformin including sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, acarbose, and insulin analogs, among others. Group 4 consisted of 22,193 patients who took metformin plus other antidiabetic drugs (Figure 1). Table 1 presents the characteristics of Sulfatase the study patients including age, gender, income, Charlson score, sulfonylurea use, thiazolidinedione use, and insulin use. The gender and age distributions were similar in the diabetes and nondiabetes groups. In these two groups, the male-to-female ratio and mean age were 0.95 and 57.5?��?12.9 (SD) years, respectively. Patients without type 2 diabetes and those with type 2 diabetes but on no antidiabetes medication served as the control groups. pa DAPT ic50 insulin use. The use of insulin by the patients without diabetes for other indications, such as septic shock, was of short duration and not considered to affect significantly the incidence of cancer in this group. We calculated crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of being diagnosed with cancer in patients with and without type 2 diabetes (Tables 2 and 3). The analysis includes patients with diabetes who took no antidiabetic drugs, patients on metformin monotherapy, patients who took antidiabetic drugs other than metformin, and patients who took metformin combined with other antidiabetic drugs.