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The regeneration process was investigated macroscopically, histologically, immunohistochemically, and by gene expression analysis. In the early stages of osteochondral regeneration, bone ingrowth was observed in the deep zone of the scaffold with continuous VEGF expression; cartilage regeneration was observed in the superficial Bosutinib in vitro zone of the scaffold with decreased VEGF expression. In contrast, when the defect was left untreated, VEGF localization was observed throughout the entire defect area, and cartilage regeneration at the articular surface was delayed. We conclude that decrease in localization of VEGF at the articular surface in the postoperative early stage is closely related to the progression of cartilage regeneration in osteochondral defects. ? 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:252�C259, 2012 ""Our objective was to develop a non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) method to predict the structural properties of a healing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using volume and T2* relaxation time. We also compared our T2*-based structural property prediction model to a previous model utilizing signal intensity, an acquisition-dependent variable. Surgical ACL transection followed by no treatment (i.e., natural healing) or bio-enhanced ACL repair was performed in a porcine model. After 52 weeks of healing, high-resolution MR images of the ACL tissue were collected. Alpelisib ic50 From these images, ligament volumes and T2* maps were established. The structural properties of the ligaments were determined via tensile testing. Using the T2* histogram profile, each ligament voxel was binned based on its T2* value into four discrete tissue sub-volumes defined by specific T2* intervals. The linear combination of the ligament sub-volumes binned by Dabigatran T2* value significantly predicted maximum load, yield load, and linear stiffness (R2?=?0.92, 0.82, 0.88; p?