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The time elapsed from entering selleck screening library the canal with the first instrument until no obturation material was seen covering the instruments was measured (T1?+?T2). The numbers and types of fractured and deformed instruments were recorded. The roots were vertically split into halves using diamond burs and a spatula. After vacuum drying, the specimens were sputter coated with gold palladium under a 10?mA current. Micrographs at magnifications of 500�� and 1500�� were then taken under a scanning electron microscope at 25?kV. The residual obturation material and debris at the coronal, middle and apical thirds of each canal were evaluated using the H��lsmann [13] grading system. The H��lsmann system comprises the following grades: Canal walls are clean with a slight presence of debris. Some presence of debris. Presence of debris in 50% of the canal walls. Nearly all of the canal walls (90�C100%) are covered with debris. Statistical analysis was performed using the Number Cruncher Statistical System 2007 and PASS 2008 Statistical Software programme. Intergroup comparison was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal�CWallis tests. Tukey's honestly significant difference test was performed to identify significant differences among groups. The level of significance was set at P?Oxygenase observed in all groups. Specimens prepared with Mtwo instruments showed significantly more remaining filling material at the coronal third of the roots than specimens prepared with ProTaper (P??0.05; Table?1). T1, T2 and Tt of the teeth prepared with ProTaper were found selleck kinase inhibitor to be significantly less than those of teeth prepared using Mtwo, irrespective of obturation and retreatment techniques (P?