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A linear relationship was absent in the Stroop task, presumably because these Aurora Kinase inhibitor difficulty scores are distributed around the apex of the U-shape. Indeed, a U-shaped model was shown to fit the scatter although the limited number of extreme difficulty ratings made it difficult to decide whether this analysis revealed a real effect or whether it should be attributed to the presence of potential outliers. General Discussion In a series of four experiments we aimed to show that tasks associated with higher levels of reported task difficulty are associated with decreased conflict adaptation. The results provide limited initial support for this hypothesis. Experiment 1 provided some evidence for the idea that performing a Stroop task is perceived as being more difficult than performing a flanker task, a finding that was also confirmed in Experiment 4. However, this increased difficulty was not unequivocally linked to reduced conflict adaptation. Whereas indices of conflict adaptation in the Stroop tasks were less reliable in Experiments 1�C3, a direct statistical comparison to the flanker task revelead only a trend for reduced adaptation in Experiment 1. This effect was not reliable replicated in Experiments 2�C4, and the results from the online study in Experiment 4 actually showed that normal conflict adaptation can be observed in the Stroop task. Taking together these findings, we thus did not provide consistent evidence that the Stroop tasks produce smaller conflict adaptation effects than the flanker task. However, orthogonal to the effect of task type, when compared to the results of Experiment 2, the time-pressure manipulations used in Experiment 3 was shown to reduce conflict adaptation. However, perceived difficulty in the group of participants that performed the tasks under time pressure was not significantly higher, so reduced conflict adaptation could also be accounted for by a lowering of potential motivation induced by time pressure (see Figures 5B,C). At the same time, however individual differences in self-reported task difficulty in Experiment 2�C4 in the flanker task did systematically relate to the size of the conflict-adaptation effect, thus providing at least initial evidence for the proposed inverted-U shape relationship between perceived task difficulty and conflict adaptation. These effects were not consistently observed in the Stroop task (but see Experiment 4), presumably because the difficulty scores were distributed around the apex of the U-shape. In addition, we showed that pupillometry might provide an interesting tool to index effort mobilization in cognitive control paradigms.