Rumors, Lies In Addition To The Pexidartinib

Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and PCR were performed by MiniOpticon (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) with SYBER ExScriptTM RT-PCR and PCR Kit (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan). During the real-time PCR step for certain genes, Q-solution (Qiagen, D��sseldorf, FKBP Germany) was used to improve amplification of cDNA and DNA templates with high GC contents. Each primer set used is listed in Table?1. Ultrathin sections of anthers in 15?mm long panicles were prepared, and mitochondria and chloroplasts in anther wall cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM100S at 80?kV), as described in Oshino et?al. (2007). Gene expression profiles were determined from 664 microarray samples with the Affymetrix GeneChip Barley Genome Array (Affymetrix) and interpreted using self-organizing maps (SOM: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/som/index.html). Out of the 664 expression data selleck kinase inhibitor shown in Supporting Information Table?S1, 646 were collected from the EBI's ArrayExpress (Parkinson et?al. 2009), which contains samples from both reproductive and vegetative tissues, and 18 microarray expression data were obtained from our previous study (Oshino et?al. 2007). For each sample, expression data were normalized using Z score transformation with the statistical package R (http://www.r-project.org/index.html). The 22?K probes on the array were clustered into 400 (20?��?20) groups using SOM (library som in the R package). Eighty-six genes belonging to the following groups were selected: DNA replication-related genes (group i), nuclear DNA coding for mitochondrial components (group ii) or for photosynthetic SRT1720 in vivo components/chloroplasts (group iii), auxin-repressed protein genes (group iv) and auxin-induced and -related genes (group v). Correlation coefficients for each probe pair were calculated to evaluate similarities in the expression profiles of these genes. Statistics were calculated using Microsoft Excel 2007. Statistical significance was assessed with two-tailed unpaired Student t-tests. Values were considered statistically significant at P?