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For each analysis we first conducted an unadjusted analysis of the effect of SA-NYHA class on a given outcome (eg, admission). Then, for all multivariable analyses, we entered all the variables found to be significantly different between the SA-NYHA classes at baseline. Final models were obtained by stepwise removal of nonstatistically significant (P > .05) variables from the multivariable model, having started with all variables found to be at least of borderline statistical significance (P Selleckchem CT99021 analysis. The importance of trial group (ie, intervention or control) as a potential confounder of the effect of SA-NYHA class on each outcome was tested in all final models but was never found to be statistically significant. Stata version 9.0 was used. A total of 293 patients completed the SA-NYHA class questionnaire at baseline, and approximately equal numbers of patients fell into the 3 categories (I/II, III, IV). The baseline characteristics of these 3 SA-NYHA groups are presented in Table PLX4032 1. Higher SA-NYHA class was associated with a larger proportion of patients living alone, greater number of medications taken daily, significantly higher number of patients treated with spironolactone, antiarrhythmic drugs, digoxin and higher dose of furosemide, or needing help with their medications. Patients from higher SA-NYHA groups also had longer length of stay in hospital and worse quality of life, measured by total MLHFQ score, both its physical and emotional dimensions, and by EQ-5D at baseline. Participants could either complete our SA-NYHA questionnaire independently or with help from a trial researcher or a carer. In total, 157 (54%) completed it independently (SELF subgroup) and 135 (46%) needed help from the researcher or carer/relative PDGFRB to choose the statement which best described their functional status (HELP subgroup). For 1 patient, it was not recorded who completed the questionnaire. The baseline characteristics of these 2 subgroups are presented in Table 2. Those in the HELP group appeared to be of higher SA-NYHA class, though this was not statistically significant. However, the HELP subgroup were significantly more likely to be female, older, living alone, to have worse abbreviated mental test scores, to use a medication adherence aid, and to need help with their medication. The HELP group also reported a significantly lower (better) quality of life on the MLHFQ, but no difference was detected on the EQ-5D measure. Two patients (0.7%) had incomplete Hospital Episode Statistics data as they moved outside the study area during follow-up. A total of 149 of the remaining 291 patients were readmitted to hospital at least once during the follow-up period with a total of 246 admissions (a mean of 0.85 admissions per patient). The distribution of admissions among the SA-NYHA groups is presented in Table 3.