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g., Poodle, Persian, etc.). Later work revealed that this could be reversed according to the expertise of the participant being asked to make the judgments (Tanaka and Taylor, 1991). In the present case concerns have been raised over the relative ease of assigning pictures of wild and domestic instances to the categories ��DOG�� and ��CAT.�� This leaves the question open as to whether some other form of classification would be more illuminating. In this regard, future work is needed in order to address this issue directly and it may be that speeded visual search is not the ideal tool to use. Perhaps a more sensible option would be to adapt the paradigm described by Grill-Spector and Kanwisher (2005)? In their case, and on each trial, a single photographic image was presented briefly (image duration varied between 17 and 167 ms) and curtailed by a pattern mask. In different conditions participants were asked to make a detection, classification, or identification response to the image. In the detection task, half the time a scrambled object image was presented and participants simply had to indicate whether an image of an object had been presented. In the classification task, participants were instructed to respond with the basic level category name of the imaged object (car, house, flower etc.) and in the identification task they were instructed to respond with the subordinate category name (e.g., German Shepherd). Accuracy of report was mapped out as a function of image duration. A surprising finding was that the functions for detection and classification were essentially the same, leading to the conclusion that ��it takes no longer to determine an object��s category than to simply detect its presence�� (Grill-Spector and Kanwisher, 2005, p. 159). Such a conclusion stands in stark contrast with the predictions of the fear response hypothesis. On these grounds it would be useful to use threatening and non-threatening images in the paradigm described by Grill-Spector and Kanwisher (2005) so as to test the fear response Selleck Erlotinib hypothesis directly. Conclusion In closing, although the initial intentions were to uncover how threat content influences visual target detection and classification, some somewhat surprising evidence has emerged that implicates a number of different factors. As is clear from the contrasting patterns of effects across Experiments 1 and 2, the patterns of performance in these rather complex speeded search tasks are exquisitely sensitive to a range of stimulus factors that may or may not be under experimental control (cf. Quinlan, 2013). When more careful controls were adopted over image selection, the data revealed far more consistent and stable patterns of performance. For example, in both detection and classification tasks the effects of ��threat�� were reflected in intercept rather than slope differences. On these grounds the effects appear to reflect more about non-search than search processes.