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Gastric emptying GW786034 order and duodenal motility were evaluated after segmentation of the ROI in a series of coronal images (Fig. Figure 3 shows gastric emptying after ingestion of a liquid meal in five participants. An example of changes in the area of the gastric fundus containing the liquid meal is shown in Fig. 3A. As contractions and relaxations were repeating in the GI tract during MRI measurements, the area in a series of motility scan images needed to be averaged. The average of gastric fundal area in 40 images (for 68 s) estimated by surrounding the serosal end decreased gradually to 80.9 �� 6.3% after 30 min (P Adenosine 0.05, n= 5; Fig. 4B). In the same series of images, the following indexes of duodenum motility were analysed: (1) the standard deviation of the mean in the duodenum area [DM(A)]; (2) total shifts of the centre of gravity [DM(G)]; and (3) the mean velocities of the wall motion along the normal line and tangential line [DM(VN) and DM(VT)] (Fig. 4C�CE, respectively). The DM(A) generally varied between 1 and 7%, while the other parameters [DM(G) = 7.7 �� 5.1 mm min?1, DM(VN) = 0.070 �� 0.047 mm s?1 and DM(VT) = 0.019 �� 0.013 mm s?1, n= 4] increased after 60 min [for MS2, DM(G) = 38.4 �� 17.6 mm min?1 (P selleck inhibitor while watching the videos of the duodenal images; the duodenum was least motile at 0 min and most active at 30 min (MS2). Alternative analyses also shown in Fig. S2. In order to assess the relationship between gastric emptying and duodenum motility in more detail, metoclopramide (10 mg) was administered intravenously to three of the five participants approximately 1�C3 min before the ingestion of a liquid meal (200 ml; 1 kcal ml?1), and the effect of ingesting water (200 ml) was examined in the same three participants.