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Hence, the result should primarily be interpreted as a confirmation of the strong association between the diseases, even when controlled click here by several other influential factors. Our model proved to be very stable. Indeed, the risk factor pattern remained unchanged even when physician-diagnosed asthma was excluded from the analyses. Further, we found an age-dependent risk of self-reported AR, most pronounced in ages 40�C50 years (OR 1.8). Age was reported as a risk factor for AR in a Swedish study from 1996 (4), yet with greatest risk in ages 20�C39 years. Apparently contradictory, manual work in industry was associated with a lower risk of self-reported AR, while occupational exposure to dust, gases or fumes was associated with a greater risk of the disease. However, subjects reporting occupational exposure also reported allergic heredity to a significantly higher extent (P?Vandetanib supplier AR associated with occupational exposure may have been biased by a higher recall rate among subjects with AR. Chronic nasal symptoms had a different risk factor pattern than self-reported AR. In accordance with the weaker allergic component of chronic nasal symptoms, the strength of association to physician-diagnosed asthma and allergic heredity, respectively, was clearly less prominent. Further, current smoking proved to be a significant risk for chronic nasal symptoms. This population-based cohort study conducted in the capital of Sweden benefits from its large-scale and good response rate (74%). The large number of participants was obtained by merging two populations that received the same questionnaire using the same method. The 2006 population had a higher mean age since it was selected in 1996. However, other background and outcome variables were in essence equally distributed in the 2006 and the 2007 cohorts. Furthermore, the questionnaire used has been widely used in the Nordic countries, simplifying inter-study comparisons. According to a recent study of non-response using the same questionnaire, no difference was found in the prevalence of self-reported AR between responders and non-responders (34). Several studies Itraconazole assessed the validity of the questionnaire on physician-diagnosed asthma, proving the questionnaire to have excellent specificity in Sweden (35, 36). A limitation of this study is the lack of objective measurements, such as function testing, skin prick tests and Immunoglobulin E-measurement. However, a recent study in West Sweden using the same questionnaire found that approximately 85% of the subjects with self-reported AR were sensitised to any common airborne allergen. The multiple logistic regression analysis is a powerful instrument to examine the strength of association of individual variables.