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.. Predictive power of kinematics during naturalistic reach and grasp movements We next quantified the predictive power of motor behavior, specifically kinematic features of the 3-D reach and grasp movements. We found that kinematics trajectories can also predict single-neuron spiking with substantial accuracy, at times achieving predictive power levels around 0.8 (e.g., Figure ?Figure5,5, monkey R area M1). However, similarly to Ruxolitinib LFP features, there was considerable diversity in the extent to which kinematics predicted spiking, with some units being predicted poorly. Similar results were obtained by using position trajectories (i.e., position at multiple time lags with respect to spiking; Methods). The 95% chance level predictive power for kinematics ranged from 0.03 to 0.08, as assessed by shuffling kinematics features in 100ms blocks relative to spiking. Across sessions and areas, between 49 and 100% of units showed LFP predictive power higher than this chance level. These effects were consistent across all animals, sessions, and motor areas (Figure ?(Figure5),5), with mean predictive power ranging between 0.16 to 0.36 across sessions and areas. The fact that the task kinematics predict single-unit spiking variability confirms that we are recording from motor cortex populations that exhibit task-modulation and tuning to motor output. Figure Amiloride 5 Kinematic features predictive power for single-neuron spiking: summary across animals and areas. Histogram counts of the predictive power of point-process models based on kinematics features, for all isolated units. Kinematics features are normalized ... Figure ?Figure66 directly Vemurafenib compares the predictive power of LFP and kinematics features. Overall, the predictive power of LFP features was typically less than that of kinematics during this free reach and grasp task: the difference between the predictive power of models based on kinematics and LFP features ranged from ?0.20 to 0.45. With exception of monkey S area PMv, units for which LFP features explain more variability than kinematics are rare. The mean difference in predictive power within each session ranged from ?0.04 to 0.14, and the median difference from ?0.02 to 0.12, with all (session, area) pairs except monkey S area PMv session 3 displaying significantly better median predictive power for kinematics. (Wilcoxon signed-rank test with p