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6?g?��?1.4 KO?=?30.4.5?g?��?3.5 [F(1,12)?=?7.23 p?Paclitaxel nmr an effect on the body weight of males. The results of these studies demonstrate a powerful impact of variation in 5-HTT expression on anxiety-related behaviour. Thus, across a range of tasks, genetically-manipulated mice with increased 5-HTT expression showed reduced anxiety-like behaviour, whereas mice lacking 5-HTT expression showed increased anxiety. The results also indicate the importance of 5-HTT expression in species-typical behaviour, with increased and decreased 5-HTT expression being associated with facilitation and disruption, respectively. These differences were observed in both male and female mice, suggesting that the effects of altered 5-HTT expression on anxiety are not influenced by sex in these tests. 5-HTT OE mice displayed reduced anxiety on the elevated plus maze, hyponeophagia and successive alleys tasks, whilst 5-HTT KO animals showed increased anxiety on the elevated plus maze, hyponeophagia and black-white alleys tasks. The finding that differences were not observed in both strains Staurosporine cost on all tasks may result from floor/ceiling effects (e.g. 5-HTT KO on the successive alleys). However, the present MTMR9 data suggest that both lines exhibit robust changes in anxiety. In particular, the findings of altered anxiety in both (i) the hyponeophagia test and (ii) the elevated plus maze/successive alleys tests suggest that the observed anxiety phenotypes are unlikely to be due to non-specific alterations in motivation or locomotion as these tests produced corresponding results despite differing sensorimotor and motivational demands. Anxiety can be conceptualised as occurring when an animal experiences conflict between approach and avoidance responses (Gray and McNaughton, 2000). As such, increased anxiety manifests as a greater degree of behavioural inhibition, resulting in increased threat avoidance. Therefore, changes in baseline locomotor activity can present a difficulty when interpreting the results of anxiety tasks as they can both result from, and give the appearance of, alterations in anxiety. For example, reduced locomotor activity in the 5-HTT KO mice might result in reduced open arm entries on the plus maze and thus cause them to appear anxious. However, the lack of a change in closed arm entries suggests that the change in open arm behaviour cannot be explained solely by altered locomotor activity.