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Depression and Anxiety, 2011. ? 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ""Few reports have aimed to describe the mediational effect of cognitive deficits on functional outcomes in major depressive disorder (MDD), and relatively few interventions are demonstrated to mitigate cognitive deficits in MDD. Studies enrolling subjects between the ages of 18�C65 were selected for review. Bibliographies from identified articles were reviewed to identify additional original reports aligned with our objectives. Cognitive deficits in MDD are consistent, selleck kinase inhibitor replicable, nonspecific, and clinically significant. The aggregated estimated effect size of cognitive deficits in MDD is small to medium. Pronounced deficits in executive function (��1 SD below the normative mean) are evident Cobimetinib purchase in ?20�C30% of individuals with MDD). Other replicated abnormalities are in the domains of working memory, attention, and psychomotor processing speed. Mediational studies indicate that cognitive deficits may account for the largest percentage of variance with respect to the link between psychosocial dysfunction (notably workforce performance) and MDD. No conventional antidepressant has been sufficiently studied and/or demonstrated robust procognitive effects in MDD. Cognitive deficits in MDD are a principal mediator of psychosocial impairment, notably workforce performance. The hazards posed by cognitive deficits in MDD underscore the need to identify a consensus-based neurocognitive battery for research and clinical purposes. Interventions (pharmacological, behavioral, neuromodulatory) that engage multiple physiological systems implicated in cognitive deficits hold promise to reduce, reverse, and prevent cognitive deficits. ""Background: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been found to be anxiolytic in animals and humans. A recent study found NPY expression to be inversely correlated with trait anxiety. We examined whether rs16147, a functional single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of NPY, moderated the relationship between hurricane exposure and risk for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in an epidemiologic sample of adults living in areas affected by the 2004 Florida Hurricanes. Methods: Data from this study comes from 616 adults from the 2004 Florida Hurricanes study who returned ALG1 buccal DNA samples via mail. Selection of participants occurred via random digit-dial procedures. Participants were interviewed via telephone about hurricane exposure and posthurricane GAD symptoms. The outcome measure was DSM-IV GAD diagnosis, assessed via structured interview. Results: Rs16147 in NPY was associated with increased risk of GAD diagnosis under conditions of high hurricane exposure (P