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?4). Furthermore, the number of galls on 35S root was greater under elevated CO2 than under ambient CO2 (F1,22?=?6.23, P?=?0.021). Regardless of CO2 level, there were fewer galls on 35S plants than on Wt or spr2 plants. Under elevated CO2, galls were more abundant on spr2 roots than on the roots of the other two genotypes (F2,33?=?16.1, P?selleck compound infection, three genotypes of tomato allocated more carbon to growth under elevated CO2. Furthermore, the defence-dominated genotypes reduced their defence (in terms of gall numbers) against nematodes under elevated CO2, whereas two of other selleck genotypes were not changed. But our plants were vigorous and better able to support nematodes as shown in plant sized; the plants were not impacted by a stress in addition to Meloidogyne and it is when two stresses occur that ��nematode damage�� is likely to be shown. Our results debate the hypothesis that defence-dominated genotypes tend to increase the defence against nematodes under elevated CO2. To the best of our knowledge, our report is the first to consider how isogenic genotypes respond to nematode infection under elevated CO2. This study demonstrates that elevated CO2 not only increases the plant C?:?N ratio but also alters partitioning patterns of plant resources between growth and defence, and elevated CO2 may reduce the resistance or increase the tolerance of plants to the parasitic nematode M. incognita when that resistance is based on the JA pathway. JA-induced defence plays an important role in protecting plant roots from pests and pathogens (Bhattarai et?al. diglyceride 2008), and the systemic defence signals associated with the JA pathway are rapidly transported between above-ground and below-ground plant parts (Ryan 2000; Van Dam et?al. 2003). For example, root application of methyl jasmonate induced nematode resistance in spinach (Soriano et?al. 2004), and foliar application of JA also induced systemic defence and suppressed the reproduction of the nematode Melodoigyne javanica on tomatoes (Cooper et?al. 2005). In this study, 35S plants had the most resistance to M. incognita, probably because 35S transgenic plants over-express prosystemin, which can constitutively activate the JA pathway in unwounded plants and result in stronger and quicker induced resistance; among the three genotypes, 35S leaves have been found to contain the highest JA levels (��?1.2?nmol/g in fresh weight) (Bergey, Howe & Ryan 1996).