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In this study analyses were limited to relations between variables. Directionality was not assessed because of the small sample size. Statistical analysis was conducted with the R software package (version 2.13.2). We analyzed Bayesian networks of conditional dependencies between regional lesion volumes in individual white-matter tracts and cortical thickness in the regions-of-interest (ROIs) of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) and occipito-temporal cortex (OTC). Age and gender were included in the model. All continuous variables were standardized and Gaussian linear Bayesian network analysis was implemented using the bnlearn R package (version 2.9). In order to limit analyses to biologically relevant structure�Cfunction relations, age and gender were determined as independent variables and processing speed as a dependent variable. Sitaxentan To test the robustness of the network to sampling variability, Fluorouracil cell line a bootstrap approach was used. The strength of each connection (arc) was calculated as a relative frequency in 3000 networks obtained through resampling. A reasonable level of confidence can be assumed at a frequency of 50% or higher (Duering et al., 2013). Demographic, clinical, and imaging characteristics of the study cohort are provided in Table?1. Eighty-six (88%) subjects had clinical manifestations of CADASIL. The mean Mattis Dementia rating scale (MDRS) score was 140.5, with six (6.1%) subjects having a score below or equal to the usual cut-off for dementia (��?130) (Schmidt et al., 1994). Sixty-one (62%) subjects had LL whereas WMH were present in all study participants (100%). Because of the reported effects of age and gender on cortical thickness in other populations we first assessed their influence in the current CADASIL cohort. Overall there was a decrease in cortical thickness of about 0.04?mm per decade [left hemisphere: ��?=???0.00400, p?Lenvatinib chemical structure than female subjects, though the differences were not significant across the whole cortical mantle, t(96)?=?1.83, p?=?0.070 (resp. M?=?2.38?mm, SD?=?0.12 and M?=?2.42?mm, SD?=?0.10). GLM analyses with gender showed that male subjects had thinner cortex than female subjects in several brain regions, particularly in the inferior parietal cortex ( Fig.?1B), which is consistent with other work ( Sowell et al., 2007). The decline in cortical thickness with increasing age was steeper in male subjects [whole cortex: ��?=???0.00747, p?