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To determine the regulatory effect of the mimetic peptides on inflammatory response in the ligated carotid arteries, mRNA expression of two representative proinflammatory cytokines, MCP-1 and VCAM-1, were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. At 28 days after ligation, mRNA expression of MCP-1 and of VCAM-1 was significantly increased in the occluded vessels, compared with the uninjured left carotid arteries, in vehicle-treated mice (P the same dose Inhibitor Library manufacturer of D-4F. However, the high-dose R-D4F treatment showed the maximal inhibitory effect on mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators among all the treatments ( Figure?4A). Also, both D-4F and R-D4F treatments significantly decreased mRNA expression of the leukocyte integrin CD11b, a key mediator of inflammatory cell adhesion and migration ( Figure?4B). To further investigate the favorable anti-inflammatory mechanism of R-D4F in the inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration, we also investigated the effect of R-D4F on LPS-induced leukocyte integrin CD11b expression in?vitro. Serum-starved RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with vehicle, 10 ��g/mL D-4F, or 10 or 50 ��g/mL R-D4F for 1?hour, followed by 10 ��g/mL LPS treatment for 12 hours. Expression of CD11b was determined by Western blot Tasisulam analysis. LPS stimulation significantly up-regulated expression of CD11b in macrophages, ISRIB research buy compared with vehicle (P with either D-4F or R-D4F effectively attenuated LPS-induced CD11b expression (P