Foreign News : ARAF Considered An Essential In Recent Times

990 spores after HPT treatments with and ARAF without a subsequent heating step at 60��C [log (Nt/Nt+heat); left y-axis]. HPT treatments at (A) 30��C, (B) 45��C, (C) 60��C, and (D) 75��C. ... The Effect of Lysozyme in the Recovery Medium Plate counts with and without lysozyme in the recovery medium were carried out to detect spores with both defects in their cortex lytic machinery and coat layers permitting access of lysozyme to the peptidoglycan layer underneath it. Besides of subtle but significant differences that appeared to exist when spores were treated at 600 and 750 MPa, which tended to increase with increasing treatment temperature and dwell time, CFU/mL found in pour plates with and without lysozyme were generally not significantly different from each other (Figure ?Figure55). The maximum difference observed was 0.23 log [log(Nt + lysozyme/Nt)] after treatments at 600 MPa/75��C for 600 s corresponding to 69% of the surviving spore fraction detected in plates without lysozyme [(Nt + lysozyme/Nt)/Nt �� 100]. Slightly lower lysozyme-dependent log differences in spore counts were found for samples treated at 750 MPa/75��C/600 s (0.21 log, 61%), 600 MPa/60��C/600 s (0.19 log, 56%), and 600 MPa/75��C/600 s (0.16 log, 45%). FIGURE 5 Difference in survivors of C. botulinum TMW 2.990 spores after HPT treatments enumerated on plate with and without lysozyme [log(Nt+lysozyme/Nt); left y-axis]. HPT treatments at (A) 30��C, (B) 45��C, (C) 60��C, and (D) 75��C. ... Isoeffect Curves To facilitate the comparison of data obtained for C. botulinum TMW 2.990 spore inactivation, the heat susceptible fraction after HPT treatments, and the effect of the presence of lysozyme in the recovery medium, 1 log and 3 log isoeffect lines were calculated as it has been described previously (Reineke et al., 2012). Figure ?Figure66 shows the empirical determination of the reaction order (n = 1.1; Figure ?Figure6A6A) and the comparison between calculated and experimental data (Figure ?Figure6B6B), which resulted in a good fit (adjusted R2 = 0.97 for spore inactivation). Random residual distribution indicates the absence of a large heteroscedastic error. FIGURE 6 Sum square error plotted against reaction order (A) and comparison between calculated and experimental data (B) for the inactivation of C. botulinum TMW 2.990 spores. Figure ?Figure77 shows the calculated isoeffect lines for a 1 log and 3 log inactivation after 3, 5, 8, and 10 min isothermal�Cisobaric dwell time determined directly after HPT treatments without lysozyme in the recovery medium (A and D), with an additional heating step after the HPT process (B and E), and with lysozyme in the recovery medium (C and F). FIGURE 7 Isoeffect lines for a 1 log (A�CC) and 3 log (D�CF) inactivation of C. botulinum TMW 2.990 determined directly after HPT treatments in standard TPYC plates (A,D), including a second heat treatment at 60��C (B,E), and plated in standard ...